Legal Ethics
Ethics Quarterly
Ethics Quarterly, written by members of the Bar’s Legal Ethics Committee, summarizes issues and holdings of ethics-related cases.
To read the latest issue, click here. View an archive of past issues here.
Ethics Opinions
The SDCBA's Legal Ethics Committee issues advisory opinions regarding the ethical propriety of hypothetical attorney conduct. An archive of the SDCBA's Legal Ethics Opinions can be found here. Here are the SDCBA's latest opinions, 2017-1 on inter-firm conflicts, and 2017-2 on Guardian Ad Litem issues.
Ethics in Brief
Ethics in Brief is a feature written by the SDCBA's Legal Ethics Committee as part of This Week at the Bar twice a month.
Read the latest Ethics in Brief here.
Attorney Code of Conduct
In 2008, the SDCBA led an effort to create a new Attorney Code of Conduct that expanded upon its Civil Litigation Code of Conduct developed over 25 years ago for trial attorneys. The new code, drafted by a distingushed committee of Bench and Bar leaders, is available to SDCBA members in booklet format and cited in our local rules. Our hope is that our members will read it, keep it, embrace it, and share its importance with others entering the profession. The SDCBA also created Guidelines for Effective and Professional Advocacy. Guidelines is a list of specific tips for attorneys on how to conduct themselves both in and outside of a courtroom. Guidelines is based on an older document entitled 50 Tips From the Bench, and was updated by a dedicated group of attorneys and judges who are interested in promoting civility in our community.
In addition, the association is proud to host the Jay Wheeler Civility Seminar. This signature CLE program event honors Jay Wheeler, who embodied the spirit of civility, integrity and professionalism throughout his career. The Jay Wheeler Civility Seminar is a one-of-kind program, designed to reinforce the ideals of the legal profession, and encourage mentorship in our legal community.
The Attorney Code of Conduct can be found here. The SDCBA Guidelines for Effective and Professional Advocacy can be found here.
Legal Ethics Hotline
The Legal Ethics Hotline is a service for SDCBA attorney members in their consideration of legal ethics issues. The Hotline is staffed by members of the SDCBA Legal Ethics Committee. Once you read the disclosure for use of the Hotline here, you can then call (619) 231-0781 x4145, to leave your name and phone number, and the on-duty attorney will contact you within the next few business hours. Please note that this service is for attorneys only and not members of the public.
Legal Ethics for New Attorneys
"Legal Ethics for New Attorneys" is produced by the SDCBA's Legal Ethics Committee as part of For the Record, the SDCBA's e-publication for newer lawyers. Read past articles by clicking the links below:
November 2017: Casual Conversations, Ethical Minefields, By Jennifer Gilman
October 2017: Ethical Issues When Your Client Threatens to Harm Themselves, By Michael Crowley
September 2017: The Ethical Pitfalls of Using an Online Marketing Company, By Richard Hendlin
August 2017: Communicating Settlement Offers, By Patrick Kearns
July 2017: Put It In Writing: Letters Memorialize Crucial Information, By Jennifer Gilman
June 2017: Cybersecurity, Client Confidences, and ABA Formal Opinion 477R, By Leah Strickland
May 2017: State Bar Discipline: What the New Lawyer Needs to Know, By David Carr
April 2017: Statute of Limitations on Legal Malpractice – “Hot Potato”, By Deborah Wolfe
March 2017: The State Bar Approves New Rule to Prohibit Sexual Relationships with Clients, By Andrew Servais
February 2017: How the Rule Regarding Fee Sharing May Evolve to Affect Your Practice, By Eric Deitz
January 2017: Sharing Offices and Vicarious Disqualification: You’ve Gotta Keep It Separated, By Leah Strickland
November 2016: Stop Reading If You Think You Have Received Privileged Information, By Frank Tobin
October 2016: A Question of Bias, By Eric Deitz
September 2016: Ethical Considerations in Advertising to and Drafting Fee Agreements Negotiated with Non-English Speaking Clients, By Richard Hendlin
August 2016: Ethical Considerations When Moving On, By Edward McIntyre
July 2016: The New Rules of the Road? Decision Approaching on Revised Rules of Professional Conduct that Will Affect How You Practice Law, By Eric Deitz
June 2016: A Quick Look at Terminating the Attorney-Client Relationship, By Patrick Kearns
May 2016: Ethics Rules Can Be “Friends,” By Edward McIntyre
April 2016: Attorney Beware: Conflicts of Interest May Still Be Costly Despite the Limited Review of Arbitration Awards, By Andrew Servais
March 2016: Rules of Professional Conduct Redux, By David Cameron Carr
February 2016: Think Twice Before Using an Online Marketing Company, By Alara Chilton
January 2016: Scared Straight Trust Accounting, By Michael Crowley
Legal Ethics Opinions
The SDCBA's Legal Ethics Committee issues advisory opinions regarding the ethical propriety of hypothetical attorney conduct. An archive of the SDCBA's Legal Ethics Opinions can be found below.
Legal Ethics Opinions are advisory only and are not binding upon any member of the SDCBA, any other member of the State Bar of California, the State Bar of California or its Board of Governors, or any persons or tribunals charged with regulatory responsibilities. The SDCBA, its officers, directors, agents, and the Legal Ethics Committee members assume no responsibility or liability in rendering these opinions.
Note: Legal Ethics Opinions cite the applicable California Rules of Professional Conduct in effect at the time of the writing of the opinion and may be obsolete now. Please refer to the California Rules of Professional Conduct.
SDCBA Historical Ethics Opinions - Click the Opinion Number to View
| Ethics Opinion | Description |
| 1968-1 | Directory Of San Diego Attorneys Published By The Daily Transcript |
| 1968-2 | Settlement Negotiations |
| 1968-3 | Conflict of Interest |
| 1968-4 | Duty To Represent Indigent |
| 1968-5 | Purchase Of Practice And Goodwill Of A Deceased Attorney |
| 1969-1 | Conflict Of Interest |
| 1969-2 | Lawyer Conducting Real Estate Business |
| 1969-3 | Advising Opposing Counsel Of Intention To Enter Default Judgment. Ill Feeling Expressed In Letter |
| 1969-4 | Payments To Widow And/Or Estate For Temporary Take Over Of Deceased Attorney's Practice. Name On Door And Letterhead. |
| 1969-5 | Professional Designations |
| 1969-6 | Advertising. Unauthorized Practice Of Law. Rendering Legal Advice To Non-Clients |
| 1969-7 | Publication In San Diego Magazine |
| 1969-8 | Seminar Conducted For Existing Clients |
| 1969-9 | Representation Of Indigents |
| 1970-1 | Announcement Of Establishment Of Office |
| 1970-2 | Conflict Of Interest |
| 1970-3 | Ownership Of Client Files And Intra-Profess1onal Courtesy |
| 1972-1 | Withdrawal From Case--Conflict Of Interest |
| 1972-2 | Conflict Of Interest |
| 1972-3 | Acting As Counsel For Employee |
| 1972-4 | Attorney's Directory |
| 1972-5 | Contact With Adverse Party |
| 1972-6 | In Pro Per Representation Advice By Legal Aid Society |
| 1972-7 | Rental Of Office Space To A Lay Person Or Organization |
| 1972-8 | Education Degrees In Announcements |
| 1972-9 | Professional Business Cards |
| 1972-10 | Payment For Services By Credit Card |
| 1972-11 | Business Cards And Other Stationery |
| 1972-13 | Payment For Services With Credit Cards |
| 1972-14 | Sign Size And Content |
| 1972-15 | Conflict Of Interest |
| 1972-16 | Name On Letterhead |
| 1972-17 | Acceptance Of Employment |
| 1973-1 | Size Of Sign, Notification Of New Office Address |
| 1973-2 | Donations Of Merchandise |
| 1973-3 | Refusal To Proceed With Action Until Attorney's Fees Have Been Satisfied |
| 1973-4 | Biographical And Legal Background Information; Solicitation |
| 1973-5 | Indirect Advertisement And Solicitation |
| 1973-6 | Listings In City Directory |
| 1973-7 | Employment By A Union; Minimum Fee Schedule |
| 1973-8 | Solicitation And Advertising. Providing Business Cards To A Union |
| 1973-9 | Law Students And The Unauthorized Practice Of Law |
| 1973-10 | Advertising. Listing In Naval Air Station Directory |
| 1973-12 | Splitting Fees; Lawyers Referral Service |
| 1973-13 | Unauthorized Practice Of Law; Preparation Of Tax Forms |
| 1973-14 | Solicitation--Sponsorship Of Coffee Hour Meeting |
| 1974-1 | Law Students |
| 1974-2 | Appearance For Other Attorneys; Traffic Court Arraignments |
| 1974-3 | Legal Editorials; Solicitation |
| 1974-5 | Business Cards; Certified Law Clerks |
| 1974-6 | Participation In Credit Card Plan |
| 1974-7 | Group Legal Services For Members Of A Union |
| 1974-8 | Public Criticism Of Sentence |
| 1974-9 | Beach Area Free Clinic |
| 1974-10 | Use Of "J.D." Or "Doctor" On Letterheads And Business Cards |
| 1974-11 | Chamber Of Commerce Directory |
| 1974-12 | Conflict Of Interest, Representation Adverse To Former Client |
| 1974-13 | Legal Ethics, Unlawful Practice, Attorney For Corporation Vs. Former Client Incorporater |
| 1974-14 | Legal Ethics, Unlawful Practice, Conflict Of Interests Re Representation Of One Of Two Former Clients Against The Other Client |
| 1974-15 | Legal Ethics, Unlawful Practice, Conflict Of Interests Re Representation Of Former Client In Criminal Matter With Other Former Client As Complaining Witness |
| 1974-16 | Lectures On Legal Subjects--Advertising And Solicitation |
| 1974-17 | Attorney And Certified Public Accountant Associations |
| 1974-18 | Combination Of Careers |
| 1974-19 | Donating Legal Services To Combo |
| 1974-20 | Free Services To A Client's Customers As Part Of Employment; Solicitation Of Business; Conflict Of Interest |
| 1974-21 | Advertising And Solicitation |
| 1974-21.5 | Free Services; Conflict Of Interest; Solicitation |
| 1974-22 | Conflict Of Interest |
| 1974-23 | Office Building Signs; Joint Offices With Laymen; &Quot;Of Counsel&Quot; Relationship |
| 1975-1 | Conflict Of Interest |
| 1975-2 | Request For Opinion Regarding Solicitation Of Tax Clients |
| 1975-3 | The couple indicates that the article would focus on scholastic background and personal lives. May they ethically give permission to the newspaper for such an article? |
| 1975-4 | Advisory Opinion Regarding Ethics Of Amount And Method Of Payment Of Legal Fees |
| 1975-5 | Solicitation For Office Help |
| 1975-6 | Listing Of Name And Phone Number On Brochure For Prepaid Group Legal Plan |
| 1975-7 | Use Of Symbol On Business Card |
| 1975-8 | Ethics Committee Report |
| 1975-9 | Telephone Directory Listings And Branch Offices |
| 1975-10 | Ethical Complaint Against Attorney's Firm |
| 1975-11 | Announcements; Office Opening; Solicitation |
| 1975-13 | Advertising Legal Services At Reduced Rates |
| 1975-14 | Lawyer Permitting His Name To Be Used To Promote Preparation Of Wills To Church Members |
| 1975-15 | Sign Identifying Building Or Group Of Attorneys Located In Building As Law Center |
| 1975-16 | Letterhead |
| 1975-17 | Ethics Of Proposal Establishing A Nonprofit Organization To Handle Consumer Complaints Including Referrals To Attorneys When The Complaints Cannot Be Otherwise Resolved. |
| 1975-18 | Unauthorized Practice Of Law By House Counsel |
| 1975-19 | Conflict Of Interest |
| 1976-1 | Participation In Group Legal Services Plan. |
| 1976-2 | Request For Opinion Concerning A Bi-Weekly Column In A Local Newspaper |
| 1976-3 | Request For Opinion Regarding Solicitation Of Potential Litigants With Similar Or Identical Interests To Those Of An Existing Client. |
| 1976-4 | Request For Opinion Regarding Quotation Of Fee Schedule To Membership Of Professional Association. |
| 1976-5 | Preserving Identity Of Funds And Property Of Client |
| 1976-7 | Free Legal Service Program; Definition Of A Fee Generating Case, Permissible Advertising, Referral Of Clients, Creation Of Referral Panel |
| 1976-8 | Finance Charges on Legal Fees |
| 1976-9 | Advertisement Of Paralegals |
| 1976-10 | Request For Opinion Regarding Representation Of Potentially Conflicting Interests |
| 1976-11 | Advertising Of Legal Services In Connection With Membership In A Senior Citizens Group |
| 1976-12 | Request For Opinion Regarding Representation Of Criminal Defendants By Partners Or Associates Of An Attorney Who Is An Elected Member Of The City Council. |
| 1976-13 | Division Of Fees Between An Attorney And His Former Employer For Work Performed After Termination Of The Employment. |
| 1976-14 | Transactions Between Attorney And Adverse Party After Judgment |
| 1976-16 | Representation Of The County Board Of Supervisors By The County Counsel's Office In Litigation Brought By Other County Elected Officials Against The Board Of Supervisors, Which County Counsel's Office Also Represents In Other Separate Litigation |
| 1977-1 | Conflict of Interest |
| 1977-2 | An attorney, employed by Legal Aid, accepted, in the course of his employment, the case of a client which had been refused by a number of attorneys in private practice. The case was of the type traditionally considered compensible by contingency fee. |
| 1977-3 | An attorney has been discharged by his client who now wishes to proceed in propria persona on the matter. The client has not paid the attorney and the attorney wants to withhold the client's file until his fee has been paid. |
| 1977-4 | Lawyer Advertising |
| 1977-5 | Should the members of the Permanent Committee of the Lawyer Referral Service (hereinafter "LRS") and the Board of Directors of the San Diego County Bar Association (hereinafter "Association") and the members of their respective firms be disqualified from |
| 1977-6 | Legal Ethics And Unlawful Practice Committee, San Diego County Bar Association |
| 1978-1 | May an attorney pursue aspects of a litigation which in his judgment would be advantageous to his client notwithstanding that the client has expressly directed that he not pursue those aspects |
| 1978-2 | Cabrillo Pacific University College Of Law--Beach Area Free Clinic |
| 1978-3 | Communication By An Attorney With An Adverse Party Represented By Counsel In An Unrelated Matter |
| 1978-4 | The collection supervisor for a law corporation, who is apparently not a member of the Bar, uses the law firm stationery for collection letters by signing his name and noting his capacity. The letterhead contains the corporate name of the firm; no individ |
| 1978-5 | Legal Ethics And Unlawful Practice Committee, San Diego County Bar Association |
| 1978-6 | May the lawyer for a defendant to a suit brought in the Small Claims Division of Municipal Court contact the plaintiff and inform him that he will be sued in "regular" court if he does not drop his claim? |
| 1978-7 | Legal Ethics An Unlawful Practice Committee San Diego County Bar Association |
| 1978-8 | Communicating With Adverse Party Represented By Counsel |
| 1978-9 | Communicating With Adverse Party Represented By Counsel |
| 1978-10 | A junior partner of a law corporation allegedly failed to properly represent a client in his business transactions. |
| 1978-11 | Should an attorney continue to represent his clients (the heirs of Y and ABC, Inc.) Under the following set of facts: |
| 1983-1 | 1. May an attorney ethically collect finance charges on past due receivables from clients? |
| 1983-2 | In a dissolution matter, where Attorney A specifically requests opposing counsel (Attorney B) to instruct his or her client not to discuss settlement with Attorney A's client, is Attorney B obligated to comply with the request? |
| 1983-3 | A variety of Disciplinary Rules and Ethical Considerations compel the conclusion that Attorney A should disclose the unaltered notes to other counsel. |
| 1983-4 | May a lawyer be a partner in a "consumer affairs service agency" (hereafter "agency") operated by lay employees, which agency assists clients in filing and serving small claims actions and in collecting small claims judgments? |
| 1983-5 | May an attorney ethically mail letters to non-clients, advertising the attorney's services? When is the advertising by mail of an attorney's services permitted under Rule 2-101? |
| 1983-6 | The San Diego County Volunteer Lawyer Program has requested an opinion from the Ethics Committee on the following questions: Attorney A is referred a case under the auspices of the Volunteer Lawyer Program. After working on the case for a period of time o |
| 1983-7 | During the past few years, several paralegal services agencies have been formed to assist the public in a variety of legal or quasi-legal matters. This opinion is intended to provide advice concerning the parameters of proper activities by such paralegal |
| 1983-8 | A non-party witness, not represented by counsel, is testifying in a trial. On cross-examination, Attorney A asks if the witness has discussed the case with opposing counsel, Attorney B, prior to testifying. The witness denies any such communication. |
| 1983-9 | In a pending medical malpractice action, may the attorney for defendant (Attorney A) consult with Plaintiff's treating physician concerning the medical issue in controversy without first notifying Plaintiff's attorney (Attorney B). The question assumes th |
| 1983-10 | What is the duty of the attorney for a guardian/conservator/personal representative or other fiduciary who will not prepare an accounting and may have converted assets to his own use? |
| 1983-11 | Where an attorney is approached by opposing attorney's client, must he notify the opposing attorney before communicating with the opposing client? |
| 1983-12 | Does advice and assistance rendered in the selection, preparation and filing of various forms in a dissolution of marriage or legal separation matter by a non-lawyer "divorce center" constitute the unauthorized practice of law? May an attorney associate w |
| 1984-1 | Rule 3-103 of the Rules of Professional Conduct provides that a lawyer may not enter into a partnership with a non-lawyer where any part of the partnership business will constitute the practice of law. |
| 1984-2 | In undertaking to represent a new client who has interests which conflict with a prior or existing client, California Rule of Professional Conduct 4-101 must be strictly followed. Attorney A is therefore required to seek informed and written consent from |
| 1984-3 | Upon withdrawal from representation, must an attorney make available to the client all papers and property in the client's file? |
| 1984-4 | May a lawyer be a partner in a "consumer affairs service agency" (hereafter "agency") operated by lay employees, which agency assists clients in filing and serving small claims actions and in collecting small claims judgments? |
| 1984-5 | Attorney A represents a party in litigation or controversy against a corporation or other organization. Attorney A actually knows that the organization is represented by Attorney B in the particular controversy. Attorney A wishes to contact and interview |
| 1984-6 | Rule 2-108 of the Rules of Professional Conduct, as amended in 1979, deletes the specific requirement that attorneys' fees be divided only in proportion to the services performed or responsibility assumed by each attorney. |
| 1985-1 | Two attorneys share office space and office expenses but have not formed a partnership. Both names are listed as a common firm name on the door as well as on the office letterhead. Is the use of a common name or firm name appropriate in these circumstance |
| 1987-1 | QUESTION: Is Client's informed consent required for Attorney "A" to maintain a role in the case on behalf of the insurance company? |
| 1987-2 | The broader ethical duties to maintain inviolate the confidence of the client and to avoid even the appearance of impropriety behoove Jones & Jones to carefully examine the propriety of entering any such referral fee arrangement, even if the strict requir |
| 1987-3 | When confidential or privileged (medical) records are subpoenaed to court and mistakenly delivered to a party (his attorney's office) rather than directly to the court, pursuant to a subpoena duces tecum (Evidence Code section 1560), may the receiving att |
| 1989-1 | After a Law & Motion hearing, respondent party ("A") prepares a proposed order and sends it to moving party ("B") for approval as to form. "B" does not approve the order, but sends to "A" an alternative proposed order for approval as to form. |
| 1989-2 | An attorney has been retained to represent an executor in the probate of an estate. The attorney is or will be compensated according to statutorily determined probate fees. |
| 1989-4 | Attorney has been hired by Law Firm to act as an expert witness in case #1, a matter being handled by Law Firm. Later, Attorney represents Client in Case #2, a litigation matter wholly unrelated to case #1. The party who opposes Client in case #2 is repre |
| 1990-1 | Attorney represents a Client in a criminal proceeding. During a meeting between Attorney and Client in Attorney's office, Attorney discloses to Client that a codefendant has agreed to cooperate with the prosecution and provide information which will incri |
| 1990-2 | An Attorney represents an Executor in the probate of an estate. During the course of representation, the Attorney learns that the Executor has taken estate funds for personal use and intends to conceal the misappropriation in an accounting to be filed wit |
| 1990-3 | When an attorney agrees to draft a document with legal significance for another person, the person who must sign the document for it to have any effect becomes a client, regardless of who asked the attorney to draft the document, who paid for the services |
| 1992-1 | May a member of the State Bar act both as attorney for the personal representatives of a probate estate and as real estate broker for the sale of that estate's property, and receive fees from the estate in both capacities? |
| 1992-2 | What obligations, if any, are imposed by the Rules of Professional Conduct of the State Bar of California upon an attorney who obtains knowledge that another attorney has committed a violation of such Rules, which violation raises a substantial question a |
| 1992-3 | May an attorney use a personalized direct mailing to communicate with a prospective client who has been arrested, where the attorney obtained the prospective client's name, address and arrest information through public records documenting that arrest? |
| 1993-1 | Propriety of Asset Protection Planning |
| 1993-2 | A law firm has represented a client charged with a serious felony. The client was convicted. Later, the client is killed and another person is charged with his murder. May the law firm ethically represent the accused murderer? Does it matter that the dece |
| 1995-1 | A criminal defendant is charged with having two prior serious felony convictions pursuant to Cal. Pen. Code §667. Pursuant to that section, conviction of the instant offense will carry a minimum indeterminate sentence of 25 years to life. Is it appropriat |
| 1995-2 | What are an attorney's ethical obligations following receipt of notice by the adverse party that the attorney's recently?Filed pleading is not legally justified? |
| 1996-1 | The attorneys in the above-mentioned scenario are not acting in an "of counsel" status, as it does not appear that their relationship is "close, personal, continuous, and regular." It follows that no such status may be disclosed or otherwise suggested. |
| 1997-1 | An attorney may not withhold from a client the attorney's uncommunicated work product if it was reasonably necessary to the client's representation. |
| 1997-2 | Lawyers employed in the public sector work in a structural environment that affects the lawyers' ethical duties. Typically, there is one individual who is the head of the agency and on whom ultimate responsibility rests. |
| 2000-1 | May an attorney who acts as a Good Samaritan at an accident scene ethically give his business card to one of the people involved in the accident for reasons other than enlisting legal business? |
| 2001-1 | May an attorney condition delivery of copies of significant documents in the client's file to the client on the client's prior payment of the copying expense when the representation has not been terminated? |
| 2004-1 | Attorney seeks to assert the work-product protection (Cal. Code Civ. Proc. §2018; Fed. R. Civ. Proc, rule 26.; Rest. 3rd Law Governing Lawyers§§ 87-92) against the former client. |
| 2005-1 | Client employs Lawyer to represent her in bringing a civil action against Professional. |
| 2006-1 | The advent of the electronic communication technology revolution via computer networks presents new opportunities for public access to legal services and for lawyers and law firms. |
| 2007-1 | Did the attorneys violate RPC 1-300 by aiding Legalworks in the unauthorized practice of law? |
| 2008-1 | Each lawyer wants to know what they may disclose: (i) confidentially, to their employment counsel; (ii) publicly, in the complaint or other proceedings necessary to prove their claims; and (iii) publicly, to respond to defenses their former employers might raise to their claims. |
| 2010-1 | Jury Venire - Attorney is not Ethically Prohibited From Conducting Mock Trial with Members of the Community |
| 2011-1 | May Attorney, under the California Rules of Professional Conduct and the State Bar Act, answer a court’s question asking if she has any idea why her client is not in court, when Attorney is aware of incriminating information that she suspects may explain her client’s absence? |
| 2011-2 | Has Attorney violated his ethical obligations under the California Rules of Professional Conduct, the State Bar Act, or case law addressing the ethical obligations of attorneys? |
| 2012-1 | What conditions, consistent with the California Rules of Professional Conduct and the State Bar Act, must an attorney meet to represent a client in litigation when that client regularly transmits and stores information digitally, including by email? |
| 2013-1 | What are an attorney's ethical duties to joint clients when settlement discussions give rise to an actual and irreconcilable conflict of interest? |
| 2013-2 | Did Attorney offend RPC 5-300(B) in sending an article to Judge with a handwritten note? |
| 2013-3 | May an attorney ethically charge a client for providing in-house services such as secretarial overtime, photocopying, processing electronic discovery, electronic legal research, the cost of CDs, mileage and parking, meals, Federal Express and postage, and long distance telephone? |
| 2017-1 | What ethical obligations arise when lawyers in a firm represent clients in litigation that arises out of legal services another lawyer in the firm performed for the clients; do those ethical obligations change when that other lawyer discovers documents material to the litigation that may give rise to the clients having a claim against the lawyer and the firm? |
| 2017-2 | What are an attorney’s ethical duties when the attorney believes that a guardian ad litem is not properly representing one client? What are an attorney’s ethical duties when one of two clients has the opportunity to settle separately, but the second client opposes the settlement? |